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Women are more likely to die during pregnancy and childbirth and to skip care because of costs, according to a study in high-income countries. EE. UU. It has one of the highest C-section rates in advanced countries, double that of Norway and the Netherlands.
Women in the United States have long lagged behind their counterparts in other high-income countries in terms of access to health care and health status. Women's health status, the affordability of health plans, and the ability to access and use care with women in 10 other high-income countries using international data. Compared to women in other high-income countries, such as Germany or Australia, American women have long struggled to access the health care they need. The United States spends more on health care than other countries, but Americans report high rates of not seeking care because of costs, as well as high cases of chronic diseases.
Previous research has found that poor access to primary care in the United States has led to inadequate management and prevention of diagnoses and diseases. With the entry into force of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), most women in the U.S. Have guaranteed access to health coverage (appendix); more than 7 million women of working age have obtained insurance since the law came into force. Millions of other people who were insured are now receiving additional benefits and cost protections through law reforms.
However, recent changes by the Trump administration and Congress may jeopardize this progress. These changes include the repeal of the law's mandatory individual sanction; the expansion of plans that don't have to meet the law's consumer protection and benefit requirements, including the requirement to provide maternity care; threats to eliminate guaranteed coverage for pre-existing illnesses; and proposed changes to Title X funding. In the future, these changes may increase costs and limit access to insurance and health services for people who do not qualify for subsidized care, especially those with health problems. They could reduce recent US gains.
Women have marked and widened the differences between women in the U.S. Using data from the Commonwealth Fund International Health Policy Survey (201) and measures from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), this summary compares EE. Women's health status, the affordability of health plans, and the ability to access and use care with women in 10 other industrialized countries. For an overview of each country's health system, see Appendix 1, and for more detailed information about each country's health system, see the Commonwealth Fund's International Health System profiles here.
They reported a higher rate of suffering from multiple chronic diseases compared to women in the other 10 countries, and German women had the lowest rates. Women reported having two or more chronic conditions, compared to one in 10 or fewer in Germany, the Netherlands and Australia. Chronic diseases include a diagnosis of joint pain or arthritis, asthma or chronic lung disease, diabetes, heart disease, or high blood pressure. The relationship between emotional distress and health is complex, but some research shows that emotional distress can aggravate physical illnesses and cause difficulties in managing other aspects of life, such as the ability to work.
A quarter or more of women in Australia, Norway, New Zealand, Switzerland, Sweden, Canada and the US. He reported experiencing emotional distress, that is, anxiety or sadness that was difficult to cope on his own in the past two years. Only 7 percent of women in Germany reported having emotional distress and only 11 percent of women in France. C-sections are generally not recommended for young mothers with uncomplicated births and are often more expensive than vaginal births due to operating room and medical staff costs, longer recovery, and hospital stays.
They have the highest rates, while women in Norway and the Netherlands have the lowest rates, about half the rate in countries that occupy the top positions. The reasons behind the wide variation seen in C-section rates in developed countries warrant further research; however, some researchers suggest that it is a combination of a country-specific health system, physician and patient preferences, cultural factors, population characteristics, and payment incentives. It is recommended that women be screened for breast and cervical cancer. Good rates compared to other countries in these indicators.
And Sweden is screened for breast cancer more often than women in the other countries tested; women in Switzerland are screened for breast cancer with the lowest rate. It had one of the lowest rates of deaths related to breast cancer, after Norway, Sweden and Australia. Women in the Netherlands and Germany had the highest rates. In most cases, women reported having trouble paying or disputing medical bills or spending time on related documentation.
Nearly half (44%) of women in the U.S. Faced with these issues, compared to just 2 percent in the United Kingdom,. Women had the highest rates of denial of payment by their insurers or of receiving a lower insurance payment than they expected, compared to women in other countries (appendix). Avoid necessary medical care because of costs, probably due to high out-of-pocket expenses and the fact that 11 million women still don't have insurance coverage.
Thirty-eight percent of women in the U.S. They reported that they didn't get the recommended care, didn't go to the doctor when they were sick, or didn't fill their prescriptions because of costs in the past year. This is the highest rate among the 11 countries in our analysis (Appendix). Before the implementation of the ACA in the U.S.
UU. ,. And in Germany, only 5 and 7 percent of women, respectively, reported giving up care because of the cost. Having a doctor or regular care facility, such as a primary care doctor, is important for preventing diseases, managing chronic conditions, and coordinating specialist visits.
The majority of women in the 11 countries reported having a doctor or regular care facility. But slightly fewer women in the U.S. And Switzerland reported that it had a regular doctor, compared to those in the other nine countries. On the contrary, all women in the Netherlands reported having a doctor or regular care facility.
More than one in three women in Canada, USA. Women in Germany had the lowest rate of emergency department visits. Women in the U.S. Among women who needed to see a specialist in the past two years, only a quarter of women in these countries had to wait more than four weeks for an appointment, compared to most women in Canada and Norway.
Women in the United States continue to be disadvantaged due to their relatively worse health status and higher costs of care, while benefiting from higher rates of preventive screenings and faster access to specialized care. While this study did not investigate the reasons behind these findings, they could be considered in the context of lower rates of health insurance coverage in the U.S. Based on other research, we found that the. Women have the highest maternal mortality rate among high-income countries.
In addition, this rate has been steadily increasing over the past few decades. Significant racial, rural-urban and other socioeconomic disparities also persist. Maternal mortality is three times higher among African-American mothers, with rates similar to those in developing countries compared to white mothers. Women face fewer barriers to accessing specialized care compared to women in most of the other 10 countries analyzed.
It also surpasses most countries in terms of breast cancer screening. This, along with a relatively low rate of deaths from breast cancer, may be associated with the high quality of cancer care provided in the U.S. Continued efforts by Congress and the Trump administration to weaken the ACA, instead of improving the quality and affordability of health insurance, can increase the cost of insurance and make it difficult for some women to afford comprehensive health coverage. These measures include administration support to end the guaranteed issuance of the ACA and protections against pre-existing conditions, which ensure that all people have access to insurance regardless of their health status, and expanding the availability of plans that are not required to comply with the consumer protections of the law.
A recent analysis of 24 short-term insurance policies revealed that none offered coverage for maternity care. Recently proposed changes by the administration to the Title X program, including cuts in funding for family planning services, counseling and routine screenings, and cancer screening, will reduce access to health services among women and low-income minorities. The proposed regulations would block federal funding to family planning providers who provide abortion services. Nearly 4,000 health centers across the country receive these Title X funding, and more than 4 million women, the vast majority of whom have incomes below 150 percent of the federal poverty level, receive services from these centers annually.
Many women also receive routine primary care and behavioral health services at women's health centers. However, states can take steps to prioritize women's health. For example, California managed to reduce the maternal mortality rate by 55 percent in less than a decade, through the state's Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Program (CA-PAMR), which introduced surveillance, public health, and improvement of the quality of maternal care. Given the significant maternal mortality gap between the U.S.
Women and their counterparts from other countries, policy makers could also analyze the organization of these countries' health systems. For example, in many other countries compared in this summary, maternal care is free at the time of delivery, including postpartum care (appendix). In addition, most countries provide maternal care in primary care or in community settings by nurses or midwives, rather than in specialized settings or by patients hospitalized with obstetricians, as is often the case in the U.S. Not only does this make care more expensive, it also limits women's options for giving birth.
Midwives attend only 12 percent of the U.S. Other countries also offer greater social protection to women of reproductive age. It remains the only country in the developed world that does not guarantee paid maternity leave, even though International Labor Organization standards recommend that new mothers receive at least two-thirds of their previous earnings for a minimum of 14 weeks. Finally, because research suggests that differences in health spending between the U.S.
And the rest of the world is largely due to rising prices, so the reform of payment and delivery systems must be high on the nation's political agenda. For example, international data shows that the average costs of a normal delivery or C-section are approximately twice as high in the U.S. As in Australia, and between 40 and 60 percent more than in Switzerland. Controlling health costs will help improve access to health insurance and health care.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is an international organization representing 36 industrialized countries that share a commitment to democracy and a market economy. The OECD produces reports and data on a wide range of economic and social issues, including the OECD Health Data Series, an annual publication of data on various aspects of health and healthcare in member countries. Working with the statistical offices of each member country, the OECD produces the most accurate and comprehensive international health data available in its member countries. Every year, the OECD publishes health data on a variety of topics, including spending, hospitals, doctors, pharmaceuticals, prevention, mortality, quality and safety.
The authors thank Yaphet Getachew, Corinne Lewis and Arnav Shah, from the Commonwealth Fund, for their assistance in verifying the data. Collins, Senior Fellow, Vice President, Health Care Coverage and Access, Health System Performance Monitoring, Reform of the Commonwealth Funding System, Health Equity, Maternal Health, Coverage and Access, Costs and Expenses, Affordability, Medical Bills and Debts, Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenses, International and International Surveys, Health Disparities, Gender-based Disparities. A century after women won the right to vote in the United States,. But much more is needed, and especially in the political sphere.
It compares poorly to most other countries in the world in terms of gender equality in politics, including our closest neighbors, Canada and Mexico. All three countries have achieved gender equality, or are very close to equality, in education and health. In fact, gender inequalities, especially in education, are now going the other way, which has no influence on the WEF scoring system. And Canada scores similarly, and much higher than Mexico, in terms of economic equality.
However, in terms of political empowerment, Mexico leads all three, followed by Canada, with the United States. However, as the figure shows, parliamentary representation in Mexico is now essentially the same, and ministerial representation is very close, with 42 percent of women. It is doing much less well than Mexico in the parliamentary measure, as women represent only one in four legislators. However, Canada now excels in terms of ministerial representation, with Justin Trudeau fulfilling his electoral promise to elect a gender-equal cabinet.
Scoring poorly on all three metrics, EE. It ranks in the bottom half of the global ranking for gender equality in the political sphere, behind, for example, the Philippines, India, South Korea and the United Arab Emirates. According to my calculations, if the U.S. With Mexico's political empowerment score, it would jump from 53rd to 6th in the world for gender equality (with an overall equality score of 0.80), surpassing New Zealand, Denmark and Canada.
For the US. Quotas in politics are a great idea, but even if such a law could be passed in the U.S. It would be overturned as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. However, nothing will prevent major political parties from adopting these quotas themselves, like parties in many other countries.
Anisa Somani suggests that part of the public funding of political parties could be linked to the adoption of such quotas, an excellent proposal. Replacing the current winner-takes-all voting system with more representative approaches, such as voting in order of preference or districts with multiple winners, would also translate into greater female representation, among many other reasons for its adoption. The fastest way to improve EE. The classification would be for President Trump or President Biden to follow Trudeau's example and appoint a balanced cabinet.
Overnight, the global position of the United States. In terms of gender equality, it would improve dramatically. Another area in which progress needs to be made (and which has declined since 2011) is the proportion of women in counseling positions, as Kathryn Dunn Tenpas argues in her essay in this series. As a general proposal, countries that are more economically developed tend to be closer to gender equality.
In many of these countries, women have surpassed men on some fronts, such as education, while they remain at a disadvantage in many other areas, such as politics. But how will we know when “perfect equality” has been achieved, when the “subjection” of women has ended? Mill, like most of her contemporaries, focused on achieving women's equality before the law, and especially with regard to the right to vote. As his intellectual companion and wife. Harriet Taylor Mill, hoped that women's suffrage would pave the way to equality in other spheres of life.
Overall, this was an accurate prediction. Getting the vote was, in fact, a vital first step in achieving many other social, legal and political rights for women. But even now, “perfect equality” has not been achieved and in the US. The fight for equality began with politics, and specifically with the right to vote.
After ten decades of significant social, cultural and economic advances, the greatest challenge is once again in the political sphere. Now, much greater representation of women in politics is needed, even in the highest positions in the country. I would like to thank Chris Pulliam for his valuable research assistance. Richard Reeves shows how maternal depression is also a problem of economic mobility.
Kathryn Dunn Tenpas explores the history of women who work at the top levels of the White House advisory staff. What is needed to revitalize the gender revolution and generate progress in areas where the movement towards equality has slowed or stagnated employment, the elimination of the segregation of fields of study and jobs, and the gender pay gap?. This year marks the 100th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guarantees women the right to vote. However, the United States was not the first country to codify women's suffrage, and some groups in the United States persisted barriers to voting.
At least 20 nations preceded the U.S. Today, none of these 198 countries and territories prohibit women from voting because of their sex; some countries do not hold national elections. Here's a closer look at the history of women's suffrage around the world. This analysis focuses on when women in each country won the right to vote in national elections, not in regional or local elections.
Women gained the right to vote. We conducted this analysis to find out when women in other countries first gained the right to vote at the national level. The analysis is based on information on 198 self-administered countries and territories from government publications, historical documents from organizations such as the United Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union, and press reports. For each country or territory, the year in which women received the right is based on the date this right was codified in a law or constitution or was officially granted as part of a United Nations plebiscite.
The analysis only looks at when women won the right to vote in national elections, not in regional or local elections. In some cases, data on when these measures were approved are incomplete, contradicted in other publications, or difficult to find, making this analysis as complete and accurate as possible within the limitations of our research. Saudi Arabia and Brunei don't hold national elections, and Hong Kong and Macau don't participate in China's elections. In these four jurisdictions, women can vote in local elections.
In other regions of the world, women were assured of the right to vote in national elections only after major cultural or governmental changes. For example, 80% of the countries in Africa we analyzed granted their citizens universal suffrage between 1950 and 1975, a period of radical European decolonization for the continent (as well as for parts of Asia and Latin America). Many newly independent nations adopted universal suffrage along with new governments and constitutions. At least 19 countries, including the U.S.
Sometimes, decades passed before all citizens gained the right to vote. In the US. In Australia, indigenous women didn't get the right to vote until 1962, six decades after non-indigenous women were allowed to vote. In South Africa, more than 60 years passed between when white women won the right to vote in 1930 and when black women won it in 1993, after the end of apartheid.
Some countries also initially set a higher minimum age for women voters than for their male counterparts. In 1915, for example, Icelandic women over 40 were granted the right to vote. Five years later, the minimum voting age for women was lowered to 25, in line with the men's requirement. Legal and cultural restrictions limited women's participation as voters in some countries and territories, even after obtaining the right to vote.
Ecuador, for example, became the first Latin American country to grant women the right to vote in 1929, but it only extended the right to vote to literate Ecuadorian women, and voting was not compulsory for women as it was for men. A new constitution in 1967 made voting mandatory for literate women, and it wasn't until 1979 that the literacy requirement was completely eliminated. A number of other countries, such as Hungary and Guatemala, also imposed literacy requirements on women voters, requirements that were later abolished. Recent data released Saturday morning About the Pew Research Center The Pew Research Center is a non-partisan data center that informs the public about the issues, attitudes, and trends that shape the world.
It conducts public opinion polls, demographic research, media content analysis, and other empirical research in social sciences. The Pew Research Center does not take political positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Women were the least likely to rate their quality of care as excellent or very good compared to women in all other countries studied.
One hundred years after the election of Jeanette Rankin, American women have come a long way in politics, but women elsewhere have come further. For the past 20 years, the Inter-Parliamentary Union has tracked the number of women in legislatures around the world, allowing us to evaluate the progress that American women have made in a comparative perspective. It is not included among the most recent countries that grant women the right to vote because women had this right starting in 1964, when the area was part of Sudan. Since the days of Jeannette Rankin, American women have come a long way in politics, but women elsewhere have gone further, thanks to more gender-equitable systems of selecting and electing representatives.
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